Method of producing an optical fiber preform from a plurality of tubes having different thermal conductivities

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is an optical fiber capable of preventing an increase in an optical loss from occurring during fabrication and extraction of a single mode fiber preform and enhancement of an optical transmission efficiency, a method of producing the same comprising the steps of forming a first quartz robe having a first thermal conductivity, said first quartz tube being used as a clad; depositing a core layer and a clad layer inside the first quartz robe to form a preliminary perform by heating of the fist quartz robe; forming a second quartz tube having a second thermal conductivity lower than the first thermal conductivity; and depositing the second quartz tube to said preliminary preform by heating to produce the optical fiber preform. On embodiment, uses N overclad layers having thermal conductivites Kx such that K0&gt;K1&gt;K2 . . . &gt;KN and coefficients of viscosity  mu 0&lt; mu 1&lt; mu 2 . . . &lt; mu N.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application makes reference to, incorporates the same herein, and claims all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C §119 from an application entitled Optical Fiber Preform And Method For Producing The Same earlier filed in the Korean Industrial Property Office on 7 Oct. 1994, which was duly assigned Ser. No. 25705/1994 by that Office.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an optical fiber and, more particularly, to an optical fiber preform capable of preventing an increase in an optical loss from occurring during fabrication and extraction of a single mode fiber preform and enhancement of an optical transmission efficiency, and a method of producing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical fibers, as well-known in the art, are broadly classified into three types. The oldest and least expensive is a step-index fiber made from a higher index rod of glass surrounded by a lower index glass coating; the second oldest and most costly is a graded-index mode fiber having a core made from many layers of glass wherein the core will have an inconsistently distributed refractive index; and the newest is an optical fiber having a core of a uniform refractive index known as a single-mode fiber. The single-mode fiber is actually a step-index fiber which was pulled to a very thin core diameter. The step-index and graded-index fibers carry thousands of optical modes and are called multimode (MM) fibers, and are mainly used for a middle-distance communication or a short-distance communication. The single-mode fiber carries only the lowest order mode and is used for long-distance communication.

There are three methods for producing a single mode or multi-mode fiber preform, an outside vapor deposition (OVD) method , i.e. outside vapor phase oxidation (OVPO), a vapor phase axial deposition (VAD) method and a modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) method. The MCVD method has some advantages over the others, wherein few impurity materials are introduced because the method is performed in a sealed tube, and a precise distribution of refractive index can be easily controlled because very thin glass films are deposited with each other. Accordingly, of the above described methods, the MCVD method is used more than 60% of the time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber preform and a method of producing the same with a single-mode optical fiber having good optical transmission efficiency.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber preform and a method of producing a single-mode optical fiber exhibiting decreased Rayleigh scattering loss.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the method of producing an optical fiber preform entails the steps of forming a first quartz tube having a first thermal conductivity, the first quartz tube being used as a clad. A core layer and a clad layer are deposited inside the first quartz tube to form a preliminary perform by heating the first quartz tube. A second quartz tube is formed with a second thermal conductivity lower than the first thermal conductivity. The second quartz tube is jacketed to the preliminary preform by heating in order to produce the optical fiber preform.

According to another aspect of the present invention, an optical fiber preform is constructed with a core and a clad surrounding the core. The clad close to the central axis of the optical fiber preform has the highest thermal conductivity, and the thermal conductivity is gradually lowered having a gradient from the central axis to an outside circumference of the preform.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the present invention, and many of the attendant advantages thereof, will become readily apparent as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference symbols indicate the same or similar components, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing process steps of fabricating an optical fiber preform in accordance with a conventional modified chemical vapor deposition method;

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view showing a final optical fiber preform prior to subjecting the final optical preform to a drawing process;

FIG. 2B is a perspective view showing the final optical fiber preform and the resulting final optical fiber due to a drawing process;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of an optical fiber drawing apparatus;

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a neck down zone of the final optical preform developed during the drawing process;

FIGS. 5A through 5C are diagrams showing relationship between thermal conductivity and temperature of the final preform;

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing viscosity coefficients of transparent and synthetic quartz tubes with respect to temperature; and

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the final preform which is fabricated in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, the modified chemical vapor deposition technique for producing an optical fiber preform has a previously produced substrate tube 2 (hereinafter, referred to as "a first substrate tube") established on a glass plate, and then tube 2 is rotated in the direction indicated by a rotation arrow. Tube 2 constitutes an optical fiber clad. Also, a transparent quartz glass is mainly used as tube 2, and an inner diameter of tube 2 is about 26 min. Gas supplying system 4 introduces raw gases such as tetrachlorosilane SiCl₄, phosphorus oxychloride POCl₃, boron tetrachloride BCl₃, and germanium dioxide GeCl₄, and oxygen O₂ into tube 2 by way of a vapor delivery system 6. Tube 2 is heated by a heating burner 8 using oxygen O₂ and hydrogen H₂ gases as a burning material. The heating burner 8 is moved to back and forth along tube 2 on the basis of control of a driving system for moving the heating burner so as to indiscriminately heat tube 2. As a result, particles of a chemical gas are formed in tube 2 and immediately vacuum-deposited on the inner wall of tube 2. By this vacuum-deposition, a deposited glass 10 is formed inside tube 2, as shown by a dotted line in FIG. 1. The deposited glass 10 is constituted by a clad layer and a core layer. With the vacuum-deposition, the clad layer having a constant thickness is previously deposited in tube 2 and the core layer, having a high refractive index, is deposited therein. The clad layer is provided to prevent hydroxyl and metal impurity ions in tube 2 from being diffused into the core layer due to the high temperature applied during the vacuum-deposition. If the hydroxyl and metal impurity ions are diffused into the core layer, the optical fiber having such a core layer has an undesired absorption loss of a light.

Next, after formation of the first substrate tube 2 having the deposited glass 10, vapor delivery system 6 stops delivering the raw material gases to tube 2, and then the tube 2 is continuously heated by supplying burner 8 with dichloride Cl₂ and oxygen O₂ or helium He. As a result, the empty core space in tube 2 is gradually reduced by thermal compression or shrinkage of the tube until there is no empty space remaining in tube 2 thus forming an optical fiber preform. Hereinafter, the optical fiber preform fabricated by the MCVD method is referred to as "a first optical fiber preform" when discussing the present invention.

The preform formed from tube 2 has an increased volume, thus an extraction length of the optical fiber becomes longer. Accordingly, total production time of the optical fiber is shortened thus contributing to improved mass production of the optical fiber.

As a well-known method for expanding the diameter of an optical fiber preform, over-cladding (or over jacket) of a first optical fiber preform produced by the MCVD method is performed. This method is particularly disclosed in the application of Korean Pat. Serial No. 25712, filed in 1993 to the same applicant which was filed as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/292,977 on 22 Aug. 1994. When over-cladding the optical fiber preform, a designer has to determine the thickness of a core at an appropriate ratio in consideration of thickness of a clad of the optical fiber preform and thickness of a clad of over cladding. The over-cladding method of the optical fiber preform will be briefly described hereinafter.

The first optical fiber preform is injected into a second substrate tube preform having a relatively large diameter to that of the first optical fiber preform. For example, the second substrate tube preform has an inside diameter of 21 mm and an outside diameter of 41 mm. Generally, the second substrate tube has the same natural material as that of the first optical fiber preform. Next, the second substrate tube is heated at about 2000° C. by means of a heating burner. At the same time, air in the space between first optical fiber perform and second substrate tube is extracted by a vacuum pump. As a result, the second substrate tube collapses onto and is fixed to the first optical fiber preform. The finally produced optical fiber preform has the structure shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, and is used for extraction process of the optical fiber. FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the final optical fiber preform 28 and FIG. 2B is a perspective view thereof.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, reference numeral 10 is a deposited layer formed by the MCVD method, which is constituted by a core and a clad, and reference numeral 2 is a first substrate tube (shown FIG. 1) used in the MCVD method and forms clad A. Reference numeral 20 is a second substrate tube used during over-cladding and forms clad B. Also, reference numeral 22 is an interface surface between clads A and B and is called an over jacket surface.

Clad A of first substrate tube 2 and clad B of second substrate tube 20 use a transparent quartz glass having the same property of material such as thermal conductivity or viscosity coefficient. Such a transparent quartz glass is relatively low in price and degree of purity, as compared to a synthetic quartz glass.

The final optical fiber preform 28, which is constituted by the first and second substrate tubes having the same degree of material, causes occurrence of optical loss due to refractive-index variations, and in particular, Rayleigh scattering loss caused during the extraction process. Rayleigh scattering in glass is the same phenomenon that disperses light from the sun in the atmosphere, thereby causing the sky to appear blue. As well-known in the art, Rayleigh scattering loss is caused because of (i) non-uniformity in the interface between the core and the clad, (if) non-uniformity of the germanium dioxide GeO₂ component in the core and (iii) variations of refractive index in accordance with a wavelength.

The extraction process of the optical fiber, to be described below, causes the optical loss under the conditions of the same material as that of the final optical fiber preform 28 and the same extraction as that of the preform 28.

Extraction process of the optical fiber will be described with reference to FIG. 3, which is a block diagram showing extracting steps.

As shown in FIG. 3, the final preform 28 is slowly supplied to a furnace 30 by means of a preform positioning controller 42. Then, the final preform 28 is heated at a temperature of several thousand ° C., preferably in the range of about 2250° C. to 2300° C. By this heating process, the optical fiber is extracted from the final preform 28. Extraction force is supplied from a capstan 38 and applied to the un-coated optical fiber. Diameter detector 32 detects whether the diameter of the uncoated optical fiber is equal to a predetermined diameter, i.e 125 μm, or not. A detection signal from the diameter detector 32 is applied to the diameter controller 44 which makes sure the diameter of the un-coated optical fiber is maintained at the desired diameter. Capstan 38 is rotated to control extension force (drawing force) of the optical fiber in response to control of the diameter controller 44. In first and second coating units 34 and 36, the optical fiber is coated with a polymer coating material under the condition of a cooling state. The coated optical fiber extracted by the drawing force of the capstan 38 is rolled up by means of a take-up reel 40. The rotating speed of capstan 38 is about 20 m/sec and has a relatively high speed of during the drawing of the optical fiber.

In the above described extraction process, Rayleigh scattering loss is determined by the drawing conditions of the optical fiber, particularly, temperature, speed and extension. For example, high temperature and low extension force cause the Rayleigh scattering loss and UV absorption loss to be increased. Extension force of the capstan 38 and temperature in the furnace 30 are provided to form a neck down zone, as shown by reference numeral 48 in FIG. 4, which is in the range of from a cross-section decreasing portion of the final optical fiber to a drawing portion of the un-coated optical fiber. The neck down zone 48 is shaped as shown in FIG. 4 because of the softening point of glass and the amount of heat applied thereto. Glass has a constant softening point, for example approximately 1750° C. for a transparent quartz tube and approximately 1600° C. for a synthetic quartz tube. If a temperature around the glass is more than the constant softening point, the glass varies from a solid state to a fluid state and is lowered in viscosity. In this state, the state varied glass is dropped down by gravity instead of the desired extension force to form the neck down zone 48 as shown in FIG. 4.

In the neck down zone 48 where the outside diameter of the optical fiber is about 125 μm, the core is most highly heated. Since the first and second quartz tubes have the same property of material in the final preform, variations of the neck down zone is serious. A case of serious variation in the neck down zone is when the temperature applied to the clad is equal to one applied to the core. In the extraction process of the optical fiber, the final preform of FIG. 2A has a relatively low temperature in clad 2 dose to the central axis of the core as compared to the temperature in clad 20. However, since a difference between the temperatures in the clads 2 and 20 is not significant when the two clads are of the same material, the temperature applied to the core is equal to the temperature applied to the cladding layers and a serious variation of the neck down zone is caused. The refractive index of the core or the clad is varied in accordance with a serious variation of the neck down zone, resulting in increased Rayleigh scattering loss, causing loss in the optical transmission efficiency. Consequently, in the final preform 28 of FIG. 2A, Rayleigh scattering loss is increased by serious variation of the neck down zone.

Also, the main component which increases refractive index of the core, germanium dioxide GeO₂ in particular, is ionized because of the high temperature (i.e. about 2150° C.) of the furnace during extraction of the optical fiber, and thus distribution of GeO₂ is not uniform thus increasing Rayleigh scattering loss.

In a letter entitled "Fluorine's effect on fiber optical losses induced by drawing", in the OFC '94 Optical Fiber Communication, Vol. 4, 1994 Technical Digest Series, Conference Edition by the Optical Society of America, it is disclosed that Rayleigh scattering loss is lowered by diffusing fluorine into a core. Fluorine is slightly dependent on a drawing temperature in the core and serves as a preventing element of ionization of germanium dioxide GeO₂ from the core.

According to the principles of present invention, to prevent germanium dioxide GeO₂ from being ionized from the core, a clad layer close to the central axis of the optical fiber has the highest temperature, and thermal conductivity of the clad layer is lowered in accordance with the distance from the central axis. As a result, the temperature to be applied to the core during the extraction process of the optical fiber is low and therefore dissolution of germanium dioxide GeO₂ from the core can be prevented.

Distribution of material property according to the present invention allows the temperature of a core to be lowered, and thus an increase in optical loss is prevented.

In one embodiment of the principles of the present invention, two quartz tubes different in value of property of material are used to form a final preform. Clad 20 of a second quartz tube is made of a material having a relatively low thermal conductivity as compared to clad 2 of a first quartz tube. Since the thermal conductivity is physically in inverse proportion to viscosity coefficient, the clad 20 has relatively high viscosity coefficient as compared to clad 2. This relation can be described as follows:

K: clad 2>clad 20

μ: clad 2<clad 20

where, K is a thermal conductivity and μ is a viscosity coefficient.

As a result, a value of material property in the final optical fiber preform 28 of the present invention satisfies F-curves as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C.

FIGS. 5A-5C show variation of temperature of the core in accordance with a value of material property of the final preform 28, such as thermal conductivity and viscosity coefficient. In FIGS. 5A-5C, a horizontal axis indicates a radius of the final preform, r₀ is a central axis thereof, r₁ is a radius of a deposited core from the central axis, r₂ is a radius of a deposited clad from the central axis, r₃ is a radius of clad 2 from the central axis, and r₄ is a radius of clad 20 from the central axis.

As shown in FIG. 5A, when the first and second quartz tubes 2 and 20 of the final preform 28 have the same material properties as those of the conventional quartz tubes, the cross sectional area of the preform 28 has the thermal conductivity and temperature distribution indicated by E-curves in FIGS. 5B and 5C.

Next, when the first and second quartz tubes 2 and 20 have the material properties according to the present invention. That is, when the thermal conductivity K of the first quartz tube 2 is more than that of the second quartz tube 20 and the viscosity coefficient of the first quartz tube 2 is less than that of the second quartz tube 20, the cross sectional area of the preform 28 has the thermal conductivity and temperature distribution as shown by F-curves in FIGS. 5B and 5C.

The relation between temperature and thermal conductivity is disclosed in a book, entitled by "Heat Transfer" Seventh Edition, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 151-155. It can be seen that graphs disclosed in the book have similar curves to those of FIGS. 5B and 5C.

FIG. 5C shows a temperature difference between T2 and T1 in the core of the deposited layer 10, where T1 is a temperature applied to the core of the optical fiber according to the present invention and T2 is a temperature applied to the core of the conventional optical fiber. This lower temperature T1 at the core of the optical fiber of the present invention prevents ionization of germanium oxide GeO₂ from the core.

A decrease in a scattering loss level in an optical fiber extracted or drawn at a minimum temperature is well known in the art. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C, the optical fiber according to the invention has an effect that a scattering loss thereof is lowered.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a synthetic quartz tube is used as the first quartz tube 2 and a transparent quartz tube is used as the second quartz tube 20. The final preform 28 having the synthetic and transparent quartz tubes satisfies the temperature characteristics shown in FIG. 5A. In table (1) below, characteristics of the synthetic and transparent quartz tubes are described.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                         SYNTHETIC                                                                               TRANSPARENT                                           ______________________________________                                         THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                                                             81.4 × 10.sup.-6                                                                    71 × 10.sup.-6                              (K)                                                                            CONCENTRATION OF OH                                                                              5 ppm and  200 ppm                                           RADICAL           less                                                         IMPURITY CONCENTRATION                                                                           low        high                                              PRICE             expensive  less expensive                                    ______________________________________                                    

Also, with reference to a graph of FIG. 6, the relation between temperature and viscosity coefficient of the transparent and synthetic quartz tubes can be seen. In the graph of FIG. 6, the transparent quartz tube has higher viscosity than the synthetic quartz tube in the range of 1000°-2000° C.

In this embodiment, to use the synthetic quartz tube as the first quartz tube contributes to a reduced thickness of the clad of the deposited layer 10 shown in FIG. 5A. The deposited clad is a protective layer to prevent hydroxyl OH or metal impurity ions from penetrating into the core.

When a transparent quartz tube is used as first tube 2, the D/d ratio has to be preferably set to more than 7 so as to reduce loss of a light through absorption, where D is a radius of the deposited clad to the central axis and d is a radius of the deposited core to the central axis. When the synthetic quartz tube is used as the first tube 2, as in the present invention, the concentration of the hydroxyl OH-- ions is reduced thus allowing the deposited clad, used as the protective layer, to be thinner than when a transparent quartz tube is used as first tube 2. A reduction in thickness of the deposited clad contributes to a lower production cost when using the MCVD method of deposition.

In production of an optical fibers, it is necessary to fabricate them by means of over cladding method (or, over jacket method) so as to produce a preform having a large caliber and obtain a good quality. Therefore, when the optical fiber is fabricated using the over cladding method, optical loss has to be reduced. To decrease the optical loss, the material properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity coefficients have to be satisfied as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K):                                                                            K.sub.0 > K.sub.1 > K.sub.2 . . . > K.sub.N              VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT (μ):                                                                        μ.sub.0 < μ.sub.1 < μ.sub.2 . . . <                                   μ.sub.N                                               ______________________________________                                    

where, 1, 2, . . . , n are over cladding times, and K₀ and μ₀ are thermal conductivity and viscosity coefficient of first tube 2, respectively.

If a synthetic quartz tube is used as first tube 2, thermal conductivity of the composite quartz tube has to be gradually lowered in accordance with the radial distance from the central axis of the synthetic quartz tube.

The thermal conductivity of the quartz tube is determined by concentrations of hydroxyl ion OH-- ions and metal impurity ions, such as lithium Li, sodium Na, aluminum Al, iron Fe, copper Cu or the like. As the concentrations are further lowered, the thermal conductivity is increased. Accordingly, quartz tubes having different thermal conductivities, such as K₀, K₁, K₂ and K_(n), can be made in accordance with the concentrations of the metal ion and hydroxyl ion. According to the method of the present invention, over cladding is performed to provide a plurality of quartz tubes having distribution of K₀ >K₁ >K₂ . . . >K_(n) in thermal conductivity radially outward from the central axis, and thus optical loss of the optical fiber is reduced. Then, since each thickness of the quartz tubes can be controlled by a manufacturer, a ratio of the core to the clad can be satisfied.

Therefore, according to an aspect of the present invention, an optical fiber preform is produced by forming a first quartz tube having a thermal conductivity K₀ and a first viscosity coefficient μ₀, wherein the first quartz tube is to be used as a clad. A core layer and a clad layer are deposited inside the first quartz tube to form a preliminary perform by heating of the first quartz tube using the MCVD process. A second quartz tube having a second thermal conductivity K₁ which is lower than the first thermal conductivity K₀, and a second viscosity coefficient μ₁ which is greater than the first viscosity coefficient μ₀. The second quartz tube is placed over the preliminary preform and clad thereto by heating using a known over-cladding process to produce the final optical fiber preform. The final optical fiber preform produced by the foregoing process is used to manufacture an optical fiber having a core of a uniform refractive index known as a single-mode fiber.

The method of producing a final preform according to the present invention has essentially the same fabricating steps as those for producing a conventional preform except that the first quartz tube is a synthetic quartz tube and the second quartz tube is a transparent quartz tube. Additionally, the synthetic quartz tube will have an hydroxyl ion of 5 ppm or less, and the transparent quartz tube will have an hydroxyl ion of 200 ppm. Accordingly, there is no need for using an additional fabrication system. It is necessary to finely control the thickness of the clad deposited by the MCVD method. The final single mode preform has even characteristics over its full length.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, an optical fiber preform is produced by forming a first quartz tube having a thermal conductivity K₀ and a first viscosity coefficient μ₀, wherein the first quartz robe is formed from a synthetic quartz tube an is to be used as a clad. A core layer and a clad layer are deposited inside the first quartz tube to form a preliminary perform by heating of the first quartz tube using the MCVD process. A second quartz tube having second through n thermal conductivity layers K₁ -K_(n) is formed by repeatedly over-cladding a preceding layer, wherein K₀ >K₁ >K₂ . . . >K_(n). Further, each layer's viscosity coefficients μ₁ -μ_(N) varies such that μ₀ <μ₁ <μ₂ . . . <μ_(N). In other words, the second quartz tube is formed by placing a first transparent quartz tube having thermal conductivity K₁ and viscosity coefficient μ₁ over the preliminary preform to be clad thereto by heating using a known over-cladding process. Then a second transparent quartz tube having thermal conductivity K₂ and viscosity coefficient μ₂ is used to form a clad over the first transparent quartz tube. Thereafter, third through n transparent quartz tubes are clad over a preceding transparent quarts tube. The combination of the preliminary preform and the over-cladded second quartz tube result in the produced final optical fiber preform. The final optical fiber preform produced by the foregoing process is used to manufacture an optical fiber having a core of a uniform refractive index known as a single-mode fiber.

As above described, the present invention has an advantage that optical loss caused by drawing conditions of the optical fiber can be reduced because a cross sectional area of the preform has a gradient of thermal conductivity and a gradient of viscosity coefficient.

In addition, the optical fiber of the invention has even characteristics by distance and has an advantage that production cost is lowered because of enhanced yield.

It is understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the description as set forth herein, but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all the features of patentable novelty that reside in the present invention, including all features that would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in the art which this invention pertains. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing an optical fiber preform, the optical fiber preform being used to form a single-mode optical fiber, said method comprising the steps of:forming a first quartz tube having a first thermal conductivity, said first quartz tube being used as a clad; depositing a core layer and a clad layer inside said first quartz tube; forming a preliminary preform by heating said first quartz tube having said core layer and said clad layer deposited therein; forming a second quartz tube having a second thermal conductivity lower than said first thermal conductivity; and over-cladding said second quartz tube over said preliminary preform by heating to produce said optical fiber preform.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of forming a second quartz tube comprises forming said second quartz tube with a thermal conductivity gradiently varied radially outward from said first quartz tube.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said first quartz tube forms a synthetic quartz tube and said second quartz tube forms a transparent quartz tube.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said synthetic quartz tube has a hydroxyl ion concentration of not more than five parts per million and said transparent quartz tube has a hydroxyl ion concentration of two hundred parts per million.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of forming a second quartz tube comprises over-cladding a second clad layer with a third clad layer.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said third clad layer has a thermal conductivity less than said second clad layer.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said second clad layer has a viscosity less than said third clad layer.
 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said second clad layer has a viscosity less than said third clad layer.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of forming a first quartz tube comprises forming a synthetic quartz tube.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said synthetic quartz tube has a hydroxyl ion concentration of not more than five parts per million.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of forming a second quartz tube comprises forming a transparent quartz tube.
 12. A method of producing an optical fiber preform, comprising the steps of:forming a synthetic quartz tube comprising a coefficient of thermal conductivity K₀ ; depositing a core layer and a first clad layer inside said synthetic quartz tube; heating said synthetic quartz tube, while said core layer and said first clad layer are inside said quartz tube, to form a preliminary preform; forming a transparent quartz tube by successively over-cladding second through N clad layers, said second through N clad layers comprising coefficients of thermal conductivity K₁ -K_(N) respectively, wherein K₀ >K₁ >K₂ . . . >K_(N) ; and over-cladding said transparent quartz tube over said preliminary preform by heating to produce said optical fiber preform.
 13. The method as set forth in claim 12, wherein said synthetic quartz tube comprises a coefficient of viscosity μ₀ and said second through N clad layers comprise coefficients of viscosity μ₁ -μ_(N), respectively, such that μ₀ <μ₁ <μ₂ . . . <μ_(N). 